What Are Vugs and How Do They Form
Vugs are small to medium irregular cavities, pores, or voids in rocks often lined with mineral crystals whose composition differs
Michael Smith
What Are Amygdales and Amygdaloidal Rocks
Amygdales are small, round, or almond-shaped vesicles partly or fully filled with secondary minerals mostly common in volcanic or extrusive
Amygdaloidal Basalts Texture and Composition
Amygdaloidal basalts are basalt rocks with vesicles partially or fully filled with secondary minerals. The filled vesicles are called amygdales,
What Is Sheeting, Unloading or Exfoliation Weathering
Sheeting, exfoliation, or unloading is a physical weathering process. It happens when deeply buried rocks break into concentric slabs or
Kelp Forests Ecosystem and Animals Guide
Kelp forests refer to a dense growth of different kelp species in nutrient-rich, cool, shallow water whose grouping resembles land
Salt Crystal Growth, Wedging, or Salt Weathering
Salt weathering or salt crystal growth is physical or mechanical weathering. It is caused by the growth, expansion, or hydration
What Is Ice or Frost Wedging Weathering?
Ice or frost wedging is a mechanical or physical weathering process. It happens when water repeatedly seeps into rock cracks
Pyroclastic flows or Clouds and Surges Guide
Pyroclastic flows, pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), or pyroclastic clouds are dense, ground-hugging, hot gases laden with volcanic debris racing down
Andesite Rock Composition and Formation
Andesite is an intermediate volcanic or extrusive igneous rock. Intermediate rocks are moderate in silica (52-63 wt.%), mafic, and felsic
Andesitic Magma Formation and Eruption
Andesitic magma or lava has an intermediate composition with moderate silica content between 57 and 63 wt. %. Its composition